Miranda JP, et al. Effectiveness of cryotherapy on pain intensity, range of motion, swelling and function in the postoperative care of musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2025 Oct 5:bjsports-2024 109497. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-109497. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41047148.
The use of cold therapy has been an established measure in the postoperative treatment of musculoskeletal injuries and operations for many years. The aim is to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and improve range of motion at an early stage. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis has now summarized and critically evaluated the existing evidence on this topic.
The analysis included 28 randomized controlled trials comparing various forms of cryotherapy with no cold application. Pain intensity, range of motion (ROM), swelling, and functional recovery were evaluated. Overall, cryotherapy showed significant advantages in terms of pain reduction and mobility in the immediate, short-term, and medium-
term postoperative phases. However, some of the effect sizes found were below the clinically relevant threshold (MCID), indicating rather moderate absolute improvements.
Small to moderate positive effects were observed in terms of range of motion, while only limited differences were observed for swelling and function. Nevertheless, the overall picture suggests that cold applications can make a supportive contribution to multimodal rehabilitation concepts – especially in the early stages of healing, when pain and tissue reaction limit the range of motion. A subgroup analysis showed that controlled cryo-compression systems tend to achieve more favorable effects than conventional applications with ice or gel packs. These devices were found to significantly reduce pain intensity (mean difference −1.03 points) and improve range of motion (mean +11.5°). These advantages are probably due to the combination of cooling and simultaneous compression, which affects both local blood flow and tissue pressure. However, it should be noted that the research situation is heterogeneous overall and the quality of the evidence was only low to moderate. In addition, almost all of the included studies refer to direct cooling methods– i.e., applications in which the cold is transferred directly to the skin via ice, gel packs, or cooling compression devices.
Other methods have hardly been investigated in the literature to date. Hyperbaric CO₂ cold therapy, in which compressed, expanding carbon dioxide is applied to the skin, is only found in individual case reports or small pilot studies. Cold air methods, in which convective heat removal is achieved by means of a fan, have also been researched only marginally to date. For both methods, there are currently no reliable randomized studies on postoperative application. Accordingly, it is not currently possible to make any well-founded statements about their effectiveness or their significance in comparison to established direct cooling methods.
Conclusion: Cryotherapy remains a useful measure in the postoperative management of musculoskeletal surgery, especially for short-term pain and swelling reduction. Although the observed effects are often below the clinically relevant threshold, they indicate a supportive effect within a comprehensive rehabilitation concept. Combinations of cold and compression appear to be somewhat more effective than simple ice applications. At the same time, the analysis reveals significant gaps in research: Indirect methods such as hyperbaric CO₂ cold therapy or cold air cooling have not yet been sufficiently investigated and should be given greater consideration in future studies in order to evaluate the entire spectrum of cryotherapy on a scientific basis.
Autoren
ist Assistenzarzt Sektion Sportorthopädie, TUM Universitätsklinikum Rechts der Isar, München. Er hat am Lehrstuhl Anatomie II der LMU über die regenerative Stammzelltherapie bei Sehnendefekten promoviert. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind die Extrakorporale Stoßwellentherapie (ESWT) und physikalische Verfahren in der Orthopädie. Zuvor war er in der sportmedizinischen Praxis MedWorks Augsburg tätig.
